So you’re interested in making your own biochar? That’s great! While it might seem intimidating, the basic principles are simple. The key is pyrolysis, which is the process of heating organic material in a low-oxygen environment. This prevents the material from burning and instead transforms it into stable, carbon-rich biochar.

The “Dos” of Making Biochar

1. Do Choose the Right Feedstock. The quality of your biochar starts with what you put into it. Good feedstocks are materials like wood chips, agricultural waste (like corn cobs or husks), and pruned branches. These materials are high in carbon and relatively low in nitrogen and other minerals that could produce unwanted byproducts.

2. Do Use a Safe and Efficient Method. There are many ways to make biochar, but for a beginner, a simple top-lit updraft (TLUD) retort is a great option. A TLUD uses a container (like a barrel or a specialized stove) where the fire burns from the top down, creating a low-oxygen environment in the bottom of the chamber where the feedstock is pyrolyzed. This method is often more efficient and produces less smoke.

3. Do Ensure Proper Ventilation. While a well-designed retort reduces smoke, it’s crucial to make biochar outdoors in a well-ventilated area. Incomplete combustion can release carbon monoxide and other gases. Always prioritize safety.

4. Do “Quench” Your Biochar Properly. Once your feedstock has been pyrolyzed, you need to stop the process by cooling it down. The best way to do this is to “quench” it with water. This not only stops the pyrolysis but also “charges” the biochar by filling its pores with water. It’s a critical step to prevent accidental fires and to make the biochar ready for use.

5. Do “Charge” or Inoculate Your Biochar. Biochar is a great habitat for microbes, but it’s initially inert. Before adding it to your soil, it’s highly recommended to “charge” it by soaking it in a nutrient-rich liquid like compost tea, liquid fertilizer, or even fish emulsion. This pre-fills the biochar’s pores with beneficial nutrients and microbes, making it immediately useful for your plants.

The “Don’ts” of Making Biochar

1. Don’t Burn Your Feedstock in the Open. This is the most important “don’t.” Simply burning wood in an open fire is not making biochar. It’s just creating charcoal and releasing all of the stored carbon back into the atmosphere as

and smoke. A low-oxygen environment is non-negotiable for true biochar production.

2. Don’t Use Treated Wood or Toxic Materials. Never use wood that has been painted, stained, or chemically treated (like pressure-treated lumber). These materials can release harmful chemicals when heated, and the resulting biochar would be toxic to your soil and plants.

3. Don’t Rush the Process. Making biochar is a patient process. You need to allow enough time for the feedstock to fully pyrolyze. Rushing can result in an inconsistent product with a mix of charred and un-charred material, which won’t offer the same benefits to your soil.

4. Don’t Immediately Add Un-quenched Biochar to Your Garden. Adding hot or dry biochar directly to your soil is a bad idea. Hot biochar could kill beneficial microbes, and dry biochar will act like a sponge, pulling water and nutrients away from your plants in the short term. Always quench and then charge your biochar before adding it to your garden.

By following these dos and don’ts, you can safely and effectively create your own biochar to improve the health of your soil and contribute to a more sustainable planet!